GABRIELE HADL, born and raised in Austria, studied literature at Smith College in the US. English teacher and student of Japanese culture by day, eco-warrior and Kyoto Journal circulation manager by night, she initiated Buy Nothing Day Japan, an annual Nov. 24th event in which several incarnations of the bodhisattva Zenta Claus meditate at department stores silently proclaiming: "the revolution starts right where you sit".

KITAHARA HAKUSHU (1885-1942) established his reputation as a writer of both tanka (the principal genre of classical Japanese poetry) and of free verse. His work marks the transition in Japanese poetry from the classical to the modern and includes Heretics (1909), Memories (1911), and Scenes of Toyko (1913). The selections in this issue are in free verse.

FRANTISEK HALAS (1901-1949) A lyric poet rooted in the culture of the First Republic, he developed independently of Poetism and Surrealism, the two dominant avant-garde movements between the Wars. Kohout plasí smrt (The Cock Dispels Death, 1930) shows Halas at the peak of his melodic and metaphoric powers. Its lead poem, "Lítost," proposes Adam's expulsion as an etiological myth for that untranslatable Czech word, which Kundera glosses as a violent reflux of self-pity. "The Pied Piper" is from the cycle Ladení (Tuning, 1937-41) and is inscribed to the actress Marie Buresova. The other poems belong to A co? (And Now What?, 1949), a sequence of fourteen poems that shocked the public by their harshness. Here, Halas adopts lapidary ellipsis, rupturing syntax and displacing end rhymes. Despite his impeccable proletarian pedigree and loyalty during the years of struggle, the Party critics denounced Halas as out of step with the optimism of the victorious class.

THOMAS A. HALE is the Liberal Arts Professor and Professor of African, Caribbean, French, and Comparative Literature and chairs the Department of French at Pennsylvania Sate University. He has published widely on the African oral epic. His most recent works include The Epic of Askia Mohammed, Scribe, Griot and Novelist: Narrative Interpreters of the Songhay Empire, and Griots and Griottes: Masters of Words and Music.

HALLBERG HALLMUNDSSON Icelandic poet living in New York, where he works as editor and translator. He has published Anthology of Scandinavian Literature, 1966; poetry and short stories in his native tongue, as well as translations from the English into Icelandic.

JOHN T. HAMILTON is Visiting Assistant Professor of Classics and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A translator of contemporary German drama and poetry, he has also published articles on archaic Greek lyric and the Classical tradition. His forthcoming book is entitled Soliciting Darkness: On Pindaric Obscurity.

MONICA HANNA is a doctoral candidate in Comparative Literature at the CUNY Graduate Center in New York City. She is currently a Visiting Lecturer in Italian at Mount Holyoke College.

KYRIAKOS HARALAMBIDIS has published eight volumes of poetry, and has won both the Cypriot and the Greek National Book Awards for poetry. Until recently, Haralambidis was Director of Cultural Programming at Cyprus State Radio. He lives in Nicosia.

SHERRILL HARBISON Is completing a dissertation for the University of Massachusetts on novelists Sigrid Undset and Willa Cather.

LIZ HARRIS holds an MFA in fiction writing from the University of Arkansas, where she is currently finishing an MFA in literary translation. She has won two Lily Peter Fellowships and the Dudley Fitz Award from the University of Arkansas Press for her translations of Italian short stories and poetry. Her own short stories appear or are forthcoming in Other Voices,Denver Quarterly,The Florida Review, and Many Mountains Moving, and excerpts of Giacomo’s Seasons are forthcoming in Exchanges and Northwest Review.

MARGUERITE ITAMAR HARRISON is Assistant Professor of Portuguese at Smith College. Her translations of Brazilian short fiction have appeared in Brasil/Brazil and Amazonian Literary Review. She received her Ph.D. in Portuguese and Brazilian Studies from Brown University, and holds a Masters degree from the University of Texas at Austin in Brazilian art. She has been commissioned to write the introduction to contemporary Brazilian writer Luiz Ruffato’s new collection of short fiction.

ZYGMUNT HAUPT (1907-1975), multilingual author and painter, like other gifted Poles had a promising career interrupted by World War II and the absorption of his country into the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1947 he moved to America, and spent most of his working life as a translation editor for the U.S. Information Agency in Washington. But he continued to write, paint, and indulge the love of horses that came from his training in the Polish cavalry. His stories appealed to readers in America and Poland, and his reputation was extremely distinguished among Polish emigrés in France.

ADNAN HAYDAR Is Chairman of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Arkansas, having left the University of Massachusetts where he taught the Arabic language. He is the author of a book on Lebanese zajal poetry and of New Words to Old Tunes.

ANTHONY HECHT poet, born in New York City. A Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, he is the recipient of many awards and honors for his poetry. His first book of poems, A Summoning of Stones, was published in 1954.

ELKE HEIDENREICH, born in 1943, studied Germanistik and Theater in Munich, Hamburg and Berlin. Since 1970 she has been a freelance writer, as well as a personality in both radio and television. Heidenreich became well-known in Germany as butcher’s wife Else Stratmann, a radio character she portrayed for eleven years. For seventeen years she had a regular column in the magazine Brigitte. Kolonien der Liebe, her first collection of short stories, was published by Rowohlt in 1992. She won the 1996 Medienpreis für Sprachkultur, an award given for outstanding contributions in the media to the German language. She has won a number of awards for her writing, including the Deutscher Büchertum. Her works have been translated into five different languages.

HEINRICH HEINE (1797-1856) German lyric poet, emigrated to Paris after the revolution of 1830 and there continued to write poetry as well as radical political works, countering his preeminently Romantic spirit with irony. His Jewish birth made his work a subject for pillory in Nazi Germany.

YEHUDIT BEN ZVI HELLER was born in Petach-Tikva, Israel, and was educated in Jerusalem, where she worked as a teacher specializing in  learning and behavioral problems in female adolescents. Since 1984 she has resided in Amherst. At the University of Massachusetts, she served for many years as Associate Director of the Hillel Foundation and has also taught numerous courses on myth and folklore and on Jewish and Israeli literature. Her poetry in Hebrew has appeared in a number of Israeli literary reviews. Yehudit's first book of poetry, The Woman in a Purple Coat, was published in 1996 by Eked Publishing, Tel Aviv; a second  collection of poems in Hebrew will be published in the fall of 2001.

JOHN HELLWEG is Professor of Theatre at Smith College where he teaches courses in acting, directing, and dramatic literature. His courses have focused upon European and Asian theatre, intercultural practice, and on religion and theatre in Southeast Asia. He was instrumental in bringing performance training in Central Javanese dance and music to Smith. Recent directorial work includes two one-woman performances: Mother Maroon (Hart) which was presented in Cairo for the United Nations Conference on overpopulation and I Used to Be One Hot Number (Blair) which was last presented at the Big D Festival of the Unexpected at the Dallas Theater Center.

HELGA HENSCHEN Born in Sweden in 1917, is an artist and illustrator and has been active in peace and environmental work.

MARK HERMAN: see RONNIE APTER.

WALTER HESS (1931-) was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States in 1940. He is a retired documentary film editor and has received grants from the New York State and Illinois Councils for the Humanities. Films he has worked on have won prizes from Yale, a Peabody and three Emmy Awards. His poems have appeared in American Poetry Review and are forthcoming in Barrow Street. He lives in New York City.

GEORG HEYM (1887-1912) German poet, little known in the U.S., is nevertheless widely acknowledged as an exponent of the German Expressionist movement in both the visual and literary arts. The poems here translated were among Heym's posthumous notes.

NICK HILL is a bilingual poet, translator and essayist. His poetry has appeared in The Bilingual Review, Dogwood, Sow’s Ear Poetry Review, and others. His translation credits include works by Miguel Barnet, Alvaro Mutis, Javier Campos, and others. He teaches Latin American Literature and Spanish at Fairfield University.

VLADIMIR HOLAN (1905-1980) Jaroslav Seifert dubbed Holan the "black angel" of Czech poetry and considered him to be the best poet of the '40s and '50s. A poet-philosopher, Holan, like many Czech intellectuals, lived through the Nazi occupation as a vigil before the epiphany of a neew Communist inspried humanity. Zpev tríkrálovy (Song of the Magi, composed between December 1938 and January 1939), dedicated to the dead in Ethiopia, Spain and China, expresses that great hope. But in "Departure" (from Záhrmotí, Calm After the Storm, 1940), he marks the futile mobilization of October 1938 with the sign of lítost. "Slippery Ice" belongs to the same cycle. "Snow" and "Resurrection," from Bolest (Pain, 1965), reflect on the poet's withdrawal from history as he converses with an absentee God from his ground floor lair on the Kampa island in Prague.

EDGARDO D. HOLZMAN was born in Argentina, grew up in Latin America and the Far East and settled in the U.S. in 1972. An attorney, federally certified court interpreter and bilingual English/Spanish translator, he holds a J.D. degree from the University of Buenos Aires and an L.L.M. from George Washington University. He has worked for a number of international organizations and now free-lances from his home in Philadelphia.

ROBERT ELLIS HOSMER JR. is currently a lecturer in Comparative Literature at Smith College.

NIKOS HOULIARAS is a reformed pop-singer, respected painter and poet, and best-selling novelist. His fiction tends to revolve around his native city of Ioannina, in northwest Greece. The story in this issue is from his first collection, The Bakakok.

CHANJERAI HOVE, a leading Zimbabwean poet, came of age during Zimbabwe’s second liberation struggle. He has served as an editor for Mambo Press and Zimbabwe Publishing House.  From 1984 to 1989 he served as chairman of the Zimbabwe Writers’ Union, which he helped to found. His published works include Up in Arms, Red Hills of Home, a Shona novel  Masimba Avanhu? (People’s Power?), Bones, Shadows (Shebeen Tales (1994)) Ancestors, and Rainbows in the Dust.

JING JING HUANG moved with her family to Italy when she was young. She wrote "La mia patria" when she was 15 years old. She currently lives in Bologna.

DAVID HUERTA, born in Mexico in 1949, is a well-established writer, with 10 published books, including Incurable (1987), the longest poem in the history of Mexican literature, and Calcinaciones y vestigios / Calcinations and Vestiges (2000) from which the present selection is taken. This collection is made up of 3 previously published volumes, including Historia / History (1990), winner of the prestigious Carlos Pellicer prize. Huerta has other awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978, has taught at various universities in the U.S., and is a frequent contributor to Letras Libres, Mexico’s premiere cultural review.

TED HUGHES (1930-1998) was born and raised in Yorkshire, England. As a student at Cambridge University, he met and married Sylvia Plath (who was on a Fulbright fellowship after graduating from Smith College), and their marriage—and especially her suicide in 1963 (followed by the copy-cat suicide in 1969 of his second wife, with whom he had been having an affair when Plath died, and who took with her the daughter she had borne to Hughes)—shaped the public’s perception of Hughes throughout his life. His first collection of poetry (The Hawk in the Rain) was published in 1957 and established him as an exceptionally gifted young poet. Hughes published prolifically throughout his life: poetry, children’s stories (originally written for his own and Plath’s children), and translations. In 1984 he was appointed Poet Laureate of England. The two poems in this issue, translated into Macedonian by the eminent Macedonian poet Bogomil Gjuzel, are from Hughes’ last collection, The Birthday Letters (1998). This work too has given rise to controversy because of its expressly autobiographical nature: the poems purport to chronicle his relationship with Sylvia Plath, and perforce present his side, or construction, of the story.

FRANK HUGUS Head, Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Massachusetts. Has published book-length translations and translations of short stories and plays from the Danish. He regularly teaches courses in the Danish language and on literature in translation.

ROXANA HUHULEA is a professional freelance translator of French and Romanian, based in New York City. She has a University Degree in French and English and Accreditation by the American Translators' Association. She is President Elect of the New York Circle of Translators.

DANIELA HUREZANU is a Lecturer in French at Arizona State University. She has two books coming out in 2003: a translation from French into Romanian and a book of literary criticism in French. The translation of Chedid's poem stemmed from a group project in her graduate Literary Translation class: Sapna Bhagwat, Emile Legendre, Terri Schroth, Addie Olsen, Lori Yachimovitch.

KU HYO-SO is one of Korea’s leading authors. He has written short stories and novels. His work is marked by stylistic versatility, a mastery of different genres, a broad range of often daring subjects and bold innovation.

ELIN AP HYWEL (1962- ) is a poet, translator and editor who works in Welsh and English. She was the Royal Literary Fund’s first bilingual Fellow at the University of Wales in 2001/02 and has been reappointed for 2003/04. Her first volume of poems, Pethau Brau (Delicate Things) appeared in 1982, when she was studying Welsh and Modern Irish at the University of Wales. Her published work has been widely anthologized and translated into Czech, English, German, Italian and Japanese. She has edited two collections of Welsh women’s short stories in English. Her latest book, Ffinau/Borders (Gomer 2002), a volume of original poems and translations from the Welsh, is a collaboration with fellow poet Grahame Davies.

The author of eight volumes of poetry, as well as articles, reviews, and translations from English, French, German, and Swedish, IOANA IERONIM has served as Cultural Counselor in the Romanian Embassy in Washington and publicity director for the Soros Foundation in Bucharest; currently she is a Program Director for the Fulbright Commission in Romania. In spring 2000, Bloodaxe published The Triumph of the Water Witch, translated by Ieronim and Sorkin; a volume with narratively linked prose poems based on the poet’s childhood in a Transylvanian Saxon village and the coming of Soviet-style communism, its publication was supported by a Council of England translation grant. The book was shortlisted for the Weidenfeld Prize, St. Anne’s College, Oxford, with a special commendation from the judges. In a review by Fiona Sampson in Thumbscrew, termed “an extraordinary book.”  Ieronim is the translator of Andrei Codrescu’s poetry in Romanian in Alien Candor / Candoare straina (Bucharest 1997). These poems are from a volume of Ieronim’s poetry entitled 41, due out in Romania in our joint translation at the end of 2003.

YIORGOS IOANNOU (1927-1985) was perhaps the most influential post-war writer of Greek fiction. A collection of his last stories, Good Friday Vigil, is available in English from Kedros Editions. "The Sarcophagus" is the title story of his second book, published in 1971.

TERE IRASTORTZA began her career as a poet at a very young age, when she was still in college, studying Basque and Spanish philology. She has written six books: Gabeziak (1980), Hostoak. Gaia eta gau aldaketak (1983), Derrotaren fabulak (1986), Osinberdeko kantoreak (1986), Manual devotio gabecoa (1994), Gabeziaren khantoreak (Antología, 1995) and Izen gabe, direnak (2000). She has also translated the work of many prominent writers into Basque. She is the president of the Association of Writers in the Basque Language (Euskal Idazleen Elkartea).

AKÍNWÙMÍ  ÌSOLÁ, Professor Emeritus at Æbáfêmi Awólôwö University, Nigeria, is one of the most prolific and versatile of contemporary Yorùbá creative writers.  Well known for his award winning historical play, Efúnsetán Aníwúrà , written in 1966 and published in 1970, Professor Ìsölá is a seasoned Yorùbá dramatist, novelist, poet, and essayist. Although he is  fluent in French, English and Yoruba, Ìsölá has chosen to write mostly in Yorùbá. His published works include: Ó Le Kú (1974), Kò«eégbé (1981), Àfàìmö Àti Àwæn Àròfö Míiràn (1978), Olú Æmæ and Abê Ààbò (1983), Ogún Æmædé (1990).

PHILIPPE JACCOTTET (1925-) considers poetry to be "le langage le plus vrai sur l’essential" ("the most telling language about what really matters"). He has defined his role as shedding light upon reality. A prolific translator of H?lderlin, Rilke, Musil and others, he has written books in various genres. Among his best-known poetry collections are L’Effraie (The Screech Owl), L'Ignorant and Airs.

ROLF JACOBSEN (b. Norway 1907) One of the greatest Norwegian poets of this century. He has received several major awards in Norway and Sweden, including two from the Swedish Academy. His work has been translated into more than twenty languages.

MARJOLIJN DE JAGER translates from both French and Dutch, with a special interest in African literature. Her published translations include authors such as Calixthe Beyala, Ken Bugul, Tahar Djaout, Assia Djebar and Werewere Liking. Born in Indonesia and raised in the Netherlands, she has spent most of her adult life in the USA. She teaches at NYU's Center for Foreign Languages and Translation.

PHILIP JENKINS is a translator, writer and poet who lives in London. He translates contemporary Spanish poetry and prose and contributes to the Spanish Internet magazine Luke. With R.D.V. Glasgow he has translated Augusto Monterroso’s The Black Sheep and Other Fables, which is scheduled to appear in the United Kingdom in spring 2005. He has also been invited to prepare a bilingual selection of the poetry of Eli Tolaretxipi for publication in the UK in 2007.

JAN JANSEN was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands, in 1962 and currently studies History and Cultural Anthropology at Utrecht University. He holds a Ph.D. from Leiden University where he is currently a research fellow at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

JAYADEVA lived and wrote in Bengal in the 12th century and was the most illustrious of the "five jewels" at the Court of Lakshman Sen of Gaur. His lyrical masterpiece Gitagovinda stands as the last great work in Sanskrit poetic tradition. Songs from it, which he set to music, have been sung all over India for centuries and are still sung today. Again, since the middle ages, yearly festivals in both Bengal (Kanduli, his birthplace) and Orissa (which also claims him), celebrate Jayadeva through recitals from the Gitagovinda, enacting the Krishnalila through his poetry and music.

Before completing her Ph.D. in Renaissance Literature at Berkeley, KIMBERLY JOHNSON earned an MFA from the Iowa Writers’ Workshop and an MA from the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars. Her collection of poetry, Leviathan with a Hook (Persea Books), was published in 2002, and her work has appeared recently in The New Yorker and New England Review.  

SUSANNE JÖRN Danish translator, poet, fairy-tale writer, is currently living in Amherst, MA.

MICHEL JOURDAIN (1938- ) was born in Paris, studied architecture, and taught French in Algeria for eight years until forced to return to France in the late nineteen-sixties. Until his retirement in 1998, he was Professor of Classics in Paris. An author of novels, experimental theater, experimental prose and poetry, he has consistently challenged aesthetic norms and political complacency.

EVA JUARROS-DAUSSÀ holds a PhD in Linguistics from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and teaches in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Smith College.

HA-YUN JUNG is the Carol Houck Smith Fiction Fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Creative Writing Institute. Her fiction has appeared in Story Quarterly, Prairie Schooner and Best New American Voices 2001. She has also won the 31st Korean Literature Translation Award.

WALTER KAISER Is Professor of Comparative Literature and English at Harvard. Since 1988, he has been Director of Villa I Tatti, the Harvard U. Center for Italian Renaissance Studies located in Florence, Italy. He has published translations of the modern Greek poet George Seferis and the French novelist and essayist Marguerite Yourcenar.

CHET KALM, Art editor of Metamorphoses, is a painter, teacher, illustrator and graphic designer. He established the Foundation Department of the Parsons School of Design in New York and chaired it for over 25 years. He makes his home in Stockbridge, MA.

VERA KALM, Managing Editor of Metamorphoses. Following a long career with international organizations and completing her tenure as director of the World Health Organzation's UN office in New York, she resumed her work as literary translator and removed to Stockbridge, MA.

The Congolese writer KAMA KAMANDA, currently living in exile in Luxembourg, has published ten collections of poems, including La Somme du néant and Quand dans l'âme les mers s'agitent, four collections of tales, and one novel, Lointaines sont les rives du destin. His literary production has been published in Paris by L'Harmattan and Présence Africaine. Kamanda has won many prize for his work, including the Grand Prix littéraire de l'Afrique noire, the Prix Paul Verlaine, and the Prix Théophile Gautier de l'Academie Française.

TOSHIYA A. KAMEI, an English graduate student, lives in East Texas. He has been accepted into the MFA program at the University of Arkansas.

ELLEN W. KAPLAN Currently Assistant Professor of Theater at Smith College; Equity actress, director and writer. She has written, translated and directed many plays, including En la Ardiente Oscuridad by Antonio Buero Vallejo, and is the author of books on the teaching of writing to the special education student.

JAAN KAPLINSKI (1941- ) is the only living Estonian poet who has achieved an international reputation. His poems have been translated into a dozen languages. Best known abroad for The Same Sea in Us All (Portland 1985, London 1990), at home he is recognized for his stories, philosophical essays and political writings, as well as his poems. Upon Estonia’s regaining independence he served in its parliament from 1992 to 1995. A gifted linguist, he wrote a book of poems—I am the Spring in Tartu (Vancouver 1991)—directly in English, and has translated literary works from French, Spanish, English, Swedish and Chinese to Estonian. He has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

CARINA KARLSSON (1966 - ) was born and lives in Åland, an island in the Baltic Sea and works in a grocery store. She has written since childhood, has been published in the local press as well as in magazines including BLM (Bonnier’s Literary Magazine) and has received various grants. Lisbeta, Per Skarp’s Wife was published in 1996.

IOANNA KARYSTIANI (1952-) was born in Crete, Greece. She emerged relatively late on the literary scene with her short story collection Mrs. Kataki (Kastaniotis, 1995). Many stories from this collection have been adapted for the theatre and staged. Her novel Little England (1997) won the Greek State National Book Award for best novel in 1998 and was also chosen as Greece’s nomination for both the 1998 European Aristeion Literary Prize and the Balkan Prize. A second novel, Suit on the Ground (2000) shared the Diavazo Magazine Book Critics Award for best novel in 2001. She has recently completed a film script entitled Brides, to be produced by Martin Scorsese and directed by Pandelis Voulgaris, and is working on another film script, an adaptation of a holocaust story by a Greek Jewish writer set in Thessaloniki, for French film director Costas Gavras.

JOHN KEATS (1705-1821): Recognized as one of the mainstays of British poetry, friend of Shelley, he concentrated his brief life on writing. He sailed for Rome in 1820, hoping to conquer tuberculosis, but died there soon after.

CLARENCE KENNEDY (1892-1972) was for all his working life professor of Art History at Smith College. He was photographer to Duveen, Mackay, et al., and known especially for his photographs of sculptures from the Italian Renaissance. He was particularly interested in making reproductions of art of high quality available to the general public and was consultant to Polaroid, Eastman Kodak and Meriden Gravure.

MELINDA KENNEDY was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and spent much of her youth in Italy. Editor, translator, writer, she retired from teaching in 1989 and thereafter became co-editor of Metamorphoses. Her poems have appeared in such journals as The Southern Review and The Massachusetts Review. She lives now in a former station in the Underground Railroad with her dog Simeon Aristides Doggett.

JOHN KHOURY, born in Illinois and raised in California, studied philosophy in Maine, Spanish in Madrid, and language education at the School for International Training in Vermont. He directs Excelsior Academy, an English school in Kyoto, Japan. His interests include Japanese literature, bamboo basketry, and learning to see.

CHARLES KILLINGER is Patricia Havill Whalen Professor of History at Valencia Community College and adjunct professor of Italian history at the University of Central Florida. He has an M.A. from the College of William and Mary and a Ph.D. from Florida State University. A specialist in the history of modern Italy, he has published extensively on the subject in the United States and in Italy. He is the author of Rebel in Two Worlds: Gaetano Savemini in Italy and America and A History of Italy.

YUHN BOK KIM (Kim Yuhn Bok in Korean) is a Korean native who writes his poems in English and then recreates them in Korean, using the same material but "cooking each poem again in the soup of Korean taste." He has taught English in the past but is now a vice-principal in a high school in Kyung-Buk, Republic of Korea.

KATHERINE CALLEN KING is Professor of Comparative Literature and Classics at UCLA. She specializes in Greek poetry and gender studies, and has published a bilingual edition of Gina Valdes' poetry collection, Puentes y fronteras.

G. KITULA KING’EI, Kenyan born, has a Ph.D. in Literary Studies and is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Kiswahili and Other African Languages at Kenyatta University, Nairobi.

OLGA KIRSCH  (1924-1997) was born and raised in an English-speaking home in Koppies, a tiny town in the Afrikaner heartland of the Orange Free State, where her father (a native Yiddish speaker) had emigrated from Lithuania in 1919. Kirsch considered Afrikaans her mother tongue. She published her first collection of poetry in 1944, at the age of twenty, and was the second woman poet to publish in Afrikaans. Her second collection was published in 1948, the year she emigrated to Israel at the age of twenty-four, and her third collection in Afrikaans, from which the sonnets in this issue are taken, appeared in 1972. In later years, she wrote in English.  

KATHERINE KITETU holds a PhD in Lingustics and is currently Lecturer and Chair of the Department of Languages and Linguistics at Egerton University, Kenya.

STEPHEN KLASS is a professor of English at Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, and the translator of Fredrik Paludan-Müller’s Danish satirical epic, Adam Homo (NY: Twickenham, 1981) and, in collaboration with Leif Sjöberg, Harry Martinsson’s Aniara (Story Line Press, 1999).

WALTER H. KOKERNOT is Associate Professor and chair of English at Ohio Dominican University in Columbus, Ohio. His research interests include: Mark Twain, Matthew Arnold, Walker Percy, George MacDonald, C. S. Lewis, and the Victorian Period. His most recent article, on Matthew Arnold’s poetry, will be appearing in Victorian Poetry in the summer 2005 issue.

JIRÍ KOLÁR (born in 1914) A poet and graphic artist, he was a founder of Skupina 42 (Group 42), the most important artistic movement during the Protectorate after Nezval disbanded the Surrealists on the eve of the war. In response to Nazi occupation, it proposes to confront everday life and record its grotesque interpenetration of the banal and the monotonous. "Night," (from Ódy a variace, Odess and Variations, 1941-1944), with the catastrophic train ride, shows the power of the surrealistic vision, even in the newsreel. The diary format of the next two poems (Dny vroce, Days in a Year, 1946-1947), hones more closely to the esthetics of Group 42. Kolár's quest for a synthesis between lucid observation of appearances and his sense of their concealed oneiric possibilities found its ultimate expression in his collages. The most famous of these is the cycle Tydeník 1968 (Newsreel 1968), which remains the defining graphic image of the Prague Spring and its calamitous slide into the Fall. From 1980 Kolár has lived in Paris.

KIMBERLY KONO teaches modern Japanese language and literature at Smith College. She is currently working on a manuscript, tentatively titled Writing Imperial Relations, which explores Japanese writers’ negotiation of their relation to Japan, the colonies and empire through the tropes of family, romance, and marriage during the late colonial period. She is also translating several works of Japanese colonial fiction.

NINA KOROTKOVA is pursuing a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

NINA KOSSMAN the author of three books of poetry and prose in Russian and English. Her fiction won the 1995 UNESCO/PEN Short Story Award in London and was broadcast on the BBC World Service. The recipient of an NEA fellowship, she has translated two books of Marina Tsvetaeva's poetry, In the Inmost Hour of the Soul and Poem of the End. Her translations have appeared in several anthologies, including Norton's World Poetry, and her own work has been translated into Dutch, Greek and Japanese. Her poetry anthology is forthcoming from Oxford University Press in 2000. Two of her one-act plays have been produced in New York.

STEPHANIE KRAFT (1944-) A journalist who has visited Poland regularly since 1988, she has a doctorate in Victorian literature from the University of Rochester and is translating Emancypantki (Emancipated Women), a novel about feminism by the eminent nineteenth century Polish author, Boleslaw Prus.

MICHAEL KREPS Born in Leningrad in 1940; taught English literature in Leningrad before emigrating in 1974 to the U.S. Is currently teaching at Middlebury College. His work has been well received both here and in Russia.

VICTOR KRIVULIN (1944- ) Born in Krasnodon, Ukraine. Studied at Leningrad University from 1961 to 1967, starting with Italian and English before specializing in Literature of Russian Modernism. Co-editor of journal 37 from December 1975-1981. Has published articles, stories, and poems in various Russian emigrant journals. Has published cultural and literary articles in the leading journals and magazines of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Author of 14 books of poems and essays, printed in Paris, St. Petersburg, London, Helsinki, Belgrade, and Frankfurt. His poems and articles have been translated into English, French, Danish, German, Swedish, Finnish, Italian, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, and other languages. Winner, Andrei Bély Prize (1978), Vers libre Festival in Kaluga's Prize (1989), Pushkin Prize (Hamburg, Topfer Foundation, 1990).

PHILLIP KRUMMRICH holds a PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of Illinois and chairs English, Foreign Languages and Philosophy at Morehead State University in Kentucky. He has published translations and original poetry, and most recently a bilingual edition of Fernando Pessoa’s Quadras ao Gõsto Popular (Quatrains in the Popular Style), Mellen Press: 2003.

RYSZARD KRYNICKI (1943- ) is a poet, publisher and translator. Like Baranczak, he was a leading member of the "Generation of '68," and was blacklisted for his political activities in the 1970s. He has translated the poetry of Paul Celan and Nelly Sachs.

SHIRLEY KUMOVE Has been active in publications of Yiddish women writers and has received several grants recognizing her work as a translator from the Yiddish.

GÜNTER KUNERT, at seventy-five, is one of the three or four best German-language poets writing today. Born in Berlin, he was "encouraged" by the East German government to move from East Berlin in 1979; he has lived north of Hamburg ever since. The poems here, taken from three of his four dozen books of poetry, essays and other prose, exemplify his finely-tuned irony. The translations try to reproduce his seemingly casual metrical artistry, which make a German poem by Kunert immediately identifiable.

From 2000 to 2001, STANLEY KUNITZ was U.S. Poet Laureate for the second time. He has edited the Yale Series of Younger Poets, is a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, and is founding president of Poets House in New York. According to the New York Times Book Review, he is "Perhaps the most distinguished living American poet." His Collected Poems was published by W. W. Norton & Company. He and his artist wife Elise Asher live in New York and in Provincetown, where he cultivates a renowned seaside garden.

ALEKSANDR KUSHNER Called "one of the best Russian lyric poets of the twentieth century" by Joseph Brodsky, who continues: "Kushner's poetics is...a combination of the Harmonious School and Acmeism...[his] poems are remarkable for their tonal reserve, their absence of hysteria, their sharp horizons, and their nervous gestures; he is rather dry where somebody else would boil, ironic where another would despair. Kushner's poetics, to put it differently, is the poetics of stoicism...a consequence of extremely intense spiritual tension." His main books of poetry are: Nochnoj dozor (Nightwatch, 1966), Prjamaja rech (Direct Speech, 1975), Tavricheskij sad (Tavricheski Garden, 1984), Na sumrachnoj zvezde (On a Grim Star, 1994), Izbrannoe (Collected Poems, 1997).