HALINA ABLAMOWICZ is Assistant Professor of Speech in the English Department at Tennessee Tech University. She studied Russian at the University of Wroclaw in Poland and earned an MA in that language from the Lenin Pedagogical Institute in Moscow. She holds a PhD in Speech Communication from the University of Southern Illinois at Carbondale. Her 1994 article “Shame as Abject Communication: A Semiotic View” appeared in The American Journal of Semiotics, and has been reprinted subsequently as well as translated into Portuguese.

TAMAS ACZEL Professor of English and Creative Writing at the University of Massachusetts; poet, novelist. Left his native Hungary in 1956 and after a stay of some ten years in Paris and London settled in Amherst. His latest novel, The Hunt (Faber and Faber, London, 1990) is preceded by several collections of poetry and four other novels, written in English and translated into Hungarian.

MARIE-CÉLIE AGNANT was born in Port-au-Prince (Haiti) and has been living in Montreal since 1970. She has published two novels, La Dot de Sara (1995) and Le Livre d'Emma (2001), a collection of short stories, Le Silence comme le sang (1997), and a collection of poetry, Balafres (1994).

MARJORIE AGOSIN Born in Chile in 1955. Prominent human-rights activist and poet, short-story writer and editor of numerous anthologies, now teaching at Wellesley College. Her books include Circle of Madness, Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (1991), and Dear Anna Frank (1992) among others.

JUAN GERARDO AGUILAR was born in Zacatecas, Mexico, in 1976. He studied literature at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Zacatecas. His stories and essays have appeared in literary journals in his native country. Currently, he is working on Vicios, a book of short fiction.

SONJA ÅKESSON (1926 -1977) was, according to Heidi von Born, a very Swedish poet who gave us not only the very beautiful, grim, tender texts about the real Swedish landscape but also everyday reports about life in Sweden using everyday language in poetic form.

ANNA AKHMATOVA (1889-1966) One of the major Russian poets of this century. Akhmatova's poetry achieved cult status soon after her first collection (Evening) was published in 1912. Her work was suppressed during the Stalinist terror; after Stalin's death her poems began to reappear in press. Her first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, also a major Russian poet, was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1921. After her son Lev was arrested, Akhmatova wrote Requiem, a cycle of poems in which she beecame a voice for many whose loved ones had been taken away during the Stalinist regime. In the last thirty years her work has received international recognition.

AGHA SHADID ALI (1949 - 2001) was a member of the poetry faculty of the M.F.A. & Ph.D. Program in Creative Writing at the University of Utah and also taught at Hamilton College and the University of Massachusetts. He held visiting appointments at Princeton, SUNY-Binghamton, and Jammu (India). His seven collections of poetry include The Half-Inch Himalayas (Wesleyan University Press), A Walk Through the Yellow Pages (SUN/gemini Press), A Nostalgist’s Map of America (W. W. Norton), The Beloved Witness: Selected Poems (Viking Penguin), and The Country Without a Post Office (W. W. Norton), a collection that focuses on the current turmoil in his native Kashmir. He is also translator of The Rebel’s Silhouette: Selected Poems by Faiz Ahmed Faiz (University of Massachusetts Press, revised edition) as well as the author of T. S. Eliot as Editor (UMI Research Press). His poems appear regularly in Antioch Review, Chelsea, Denver Quarterly, Field, Grand Street, London Magazine, The Nation, Paris Review, Poetry, Tri-Quarterly, and Yale Review. He also edited Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English . A recipient of Guggenheim and Ingram-Merrill fellowships, he also won fellowships from the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts, the Breadloaf Writer’s Conference, and the New York Foundation for the Arts, as well as a Pushcart Prize.

UBAX CRISTINA ALI FARAH was born in Verona, Italy, in 1973, to a Somali father and an Italian mother. In 1976, she moved with her family to Mogadishu, Somalia, where she lived until 1991, when she fled the country because of civil war. After some time in Pécs, Hungary, she moved to Verona. She has been living in Rome since 1997, where she graduated in Letters at La Sapienza University. She is on the editorial staff of Migranews and of the journals El Ghibli and Caffé, both specialized in migrant literature. Her short-stories and poems have been published in a number of anthologies, including Italiani per vocazione (Fiesole: Cadmo, 2005) and Ai confini del verso (Florence: La Lettere, 2006), and in literary journals, such as Nuovi Argomenti, Quaderni del '900, Pagine, Sagarana, Crocevia, El Ghibli and Caffé. Her latest short-story, Madre Piccola, was awarded the first Lingua Madre Prize at the 2006 Torino Book Fair. Her much awaited first novel is due in Spring 2007.

DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265-1321) Italian poet who established Tuscan as the literary language of the Peninsula. He celebrated his love for "the glorious lady of his mind," Beatrice, in various works, notably in the Divine Comedy (of which the canto here published from the Purgatorio is a part).

KAREN ALKALAY-GUT was born in London, England, during the last night of the Blitz and grew up in Rochester, New York. In 1972 she moved to Israel. She has published many books of poetry in English. Four books of her poems have also appeared in Hebrew translation. She has also translated poems from Hebrew, Yiddish and Arabic.

OVE ALLANSSON (1932 - ) worked for two decades as industrial worker, seaman, mechanic, before his debut in 1967. He has published thirty books of fiction, travelogues, and documentaries. He has received many awards and citations. His 1971 novel Ombordarna (The Passengers) deals with the gullibility that paved the way for Nazism.

ARTUR ALLIKSAAR (1923-1966) studied law, but his career was cut short when Estonia was occupied by Germany and then the Soviet Union. He began writing when he was young and a few of his poems appeared in newspapers. In 1949 he was imprisoned by the Russians on questionable charges. After his release in 1957 he became an irreverent, bohemian habitué of the cafés in Tartu, Estonia’s university town. Despite repression by the Soviet authorities he saw the publication of a few more of his poems, and his writing took a turn away from the classical forms of his youth to free verse of limitless fantasy. Towards the end of his life, and while suffering from tuberculosis, he wrote one play, Island Without a Name , which he lived to see produced by a student group just before he died. After his death, more poems were published and his passion and recklessness inspired a new generation of poets. In 1997, in a free Estonia, Lavishing Sunlight , a complete collection of his poems, appeared and became a best seller.

VICENTE AMETZOY (1946-2001) is considered to be the most outstanding exponent of Basque surrealism.

ANACREON (c. 575 BCE – c. 490 BCE) was born in the Ionian city of Teos in Asia Minor. He became a court poet to Polycrates on Samos and to the tyrants Hipparchus and Critias in Athens. Considered the last writer of solo song, he composed panegyrics as well as the personal lyric poetry for which he is best known in later eras. 

BARRY JEAN ANCELET A Cajun, he is professor of Modern Languages at the U. of Southwestern Louisiana. He is well known for his work in Cajun music and in preserving the oral tradition of Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana. The tales in this Journal were excerpted from his recent Cajun and Creole Folktales.

ZORAN ANCHEVSKI is currently Professor of literature in the English Department of the University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Macedonia, where he received his Ph.D. He lives in Macedonia and has studied and worked in Australia, and in Chico, California (MA). A respected poet in his home country, he is also a prolific translator from English to Macedonian.

MELIH CEVDET ANDAY (1915-2002), one of the luminaries of Turkish literature, was born in Istanbul in 1915.  He pioneered a new school of poetry. Writer of eleven collections of poems, eight plays, eight novels, fifteen collections of essays and a book of memoirs,  Anday won many prizes for his work, which was translated into Russian, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian, Polish and English. 

WARREN D. ANDERSON (1920 - 2001) studied Classics as an undergraduate at Haverford College. In 1942 he began graduate school at Harvard University, but interrupted his education to fight in World War II. He returned to take an M.A. at Harvard and, after spending two years reading classical Greats at Oxford, to study as a doctoral student at Harvard under Werner Jaeger. A professor of Classics until 1967, he then went to the University of Iowa as a Professor of English and Comparative Literature, and from 1970 until he retired, he taught Comparative Literature and Classics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. Critic, translator, a leading expert on ancient Greek music, he has translated Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, and the Character Sketches of Theophrastus (Kent State, 1970). His books include Matthew Arnold and the Classical Tradition (Michigan U.P.); Victorian Essays (a volume which he co-edited and to which he contributed); Ethos and Education in Greek Music: The Evidence of Poetry and Philosophy (Harvard U.P. 1966); and Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece (Cornell U.P. 1994).

VENKO ANDONOVSKI (1964-) was born in Kumanovo, Macedonia. A poet, critic, fiction writer, dramatist, and essayist, he received the UNESCO-sponsored Balkanica award as novelist-laureate in 2002.

SOPHIA DE MELLO BREYNER ANDRESEN has published twenty volumes of poetry, seven children’s books, three collections of cultural essays, and two short story collections. As Portugal’s leading woman-of-letters, she has won all of her country’s literary awards, as well as France’s prestigious Prix Jean Malrieu. Here in the USA, Alexis Levitin has placed translations of her poems in numerous magazines, including Boulevard, Chelsea, Translation, The Literary Review, Cimarron Review, Denver Quarterly, Puerto del Sol, and Prairie Schooner. Sophia, frail and lovely, died rather suddenly on July 2nd of 2004. Both Portugal’s Prime-Minister and President attended her funeral.

RADU ANDRIESCU is the author of four books of poetry: Mirror Against the Wall (1992), which won a Poesis first-book award; The Back Door (1994); The End of the Road, the Beginning of the Journey (1998), which won the Iasi Writers’ Association Award for Poetry; and Some Friends and Me (2000). He is working with Adam J. Sorkin on a dual-language volume of more than fifty of his poems, entitled No-Man’s Land. Andriescu lives in Iasi where he teaches British and American literature at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University. His work has appeared, or is forthcoming, in Cider Press Review, Exquisite Corpse/Cyber Corpse, Hunger Magazine, Quarter After Eight, Compost, and Watchword , as well as in Sorkin’s book City of Dreams and Whispers (1998), an anthology of poets associated with the northeastern Romanian region called Moldavia, of which Iasi is the cultural capital; Speaking the Silence , a book of Romanian prose poems (Bucharest, 2001); and Club 8: Poems , an anthology of the work of a group of young, maverick poets of Iasi, edited and translated with Andriescu (2001).

CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE (1902-1987) a Brazilian poet, is generally considered the finest and most accessible twentieth-century poet writing in Portuguese.

EUGENIO DE ANDRADE Noted Portugese poet and translator; his work has appeared extensively in both Europe and the U.S. He has won most of Portugal's literary awards.

PETRE M. ANDREEVSKI (b. 1934 in Sloestica, the Demir Hisar region of southwestern Macedonia) is a poet, dramatist, novelist, and writer of short stories. Widely anthologized in Macedonia and abroad, his works have been translated into numerous languages. His most recent novel, The Last Peasants (1997), depicts the decline of village life and customs in the face of outside influences.

GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE (1880-1918) was part of the avant-garde in France that included Picasso and Braque. His best-known lyric poems are collected in Alcools (1913) and Calligrammes (1918). His only play, Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1918) is one of the earliest examples of surrealism.

ANNE MILANO APPEL, a former library director and language teacher, has been translating professionally for ten years. Several of her book-lengh translations have been published, and shorter works that she has authored or translated have appeared in other professional and literary venues. Her translation of Stefano Bortolussi's novel Head Above Water was the winner of the 2004 Northern California Book Award for Translation.

RONNIE APTER received her Ph.D. from Fordham University in 1980. She is currently Professor of English at Central Michigan University; she is a member of the American Literary Translators' Association and the Lyrics Society (of which she is president, 1994-97). MARK HERMAN received his M.S. from the University of California in 1965. He is a freelance translator and a member of the American Translators' Association. Apter and Herman have translated into English from several Indo-European languages. They specialize in translating poetry into poetry and producing performable translations of spoken and musical dramas. They have translated 16 operas, two choral works, and numerous poems, and have published several articles on translation. Ronnie Apter has also written Digging for the Treasure: After Pound (New York and Bern: Peter Lang Publishing, 1984; paperback edition, New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987) and is preparing A Bilingual Edition of the Love Songs of Bernart de Ventadorn (Edwin Mellen Press).

LAUREN H. ARMSTRONG graduated from Smith College with a BA in American Studies in 2005. She was the production editor for four issues of Metamorphoses including the Spring/Fall 2004 Double Issue, Words and Worlds. She has been a freelance layout and production editor for three years starting with her first project in 2002 of publishing a magazine titled UnPublished. Her most recent project, in addition to working on Metamorphoses, was the 2004 Attorney General of New Mexico Annual Report.

WALTER ARNDT was born in Constantinople in 1916 as a citizen of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. After studying at Breslau (Silesia) and Oxford, he attended graduate school in Warsaw. He holds a doctorate in Comparative Linguistics and Classics from the University of North Carolina. In 1939 he resigned his German citizenship and volunteered for the Polish army. After escaping from a German POW camp, he spent a year in the Polish underground. Between 1942 and 1945, Mr. Arndt was active in political, military, and war-economic intelligence with the U.S. Office of Strategic Services and later with the O.W.I. He taught at Robert College (Istanbul) and worked in the U.N. refugee resettlement between 1944 and 1949, when he emigrated to the United States. He has taught at Guilford College, Chapel Hill and Dartmouth. His verse translation of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin (1963) was awarded a Bollingen Prize. His verse translation of Goethe’s Faust in the metric forms of the original was first published in 1972 (2nd edition, 2000). He has also published books on linguistic theory and glottochronology.

AURELIA ARKOTXA is a Basque-French poet and member of the poetry collective Geopolitics and of IKER UMR 5478 of the Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS) in Bayonne, an association for research on Basque culture, language and heritage. Currently she is researching the lives and manuscripts of Basque sailors in the sixteenth century.

JANE ASSIMAKOPOLOUS is an American writer and translator with an academic background in Romance languages and literatures. Her literary translations from Greek and French into English include work by award-winning writers Thanassis Valtinos, Ersi Sotiropoulou, Michel Fais and Sotiris Dimitriou, and poets Katerina Anghelaki-Rooke, and Yiannis Kontos, among others. Her translations have been published in England and in America in journals such as London Magazine, The Harvard Review, The Iowa Review, and Mondo Greco. She lives in Ioannina, Greece.

MARGOT ATWELL graduated from Smith College with a BA in English literature in 2005. In 2002, she co-founded Labrys, a magazine for Smith student and alumnae art and literature, which she edited for three years. She intends to make her career in the field of publishing.

BERNARDO ATXAGA, novelist, poet and playwright, writes both in Basque and Spanish and was born in Asteasu (Guipúzcoa).  He published his first book of poem Ziutateak (Las ciudades) in 1976, and two years later published Etiopía, for which he won the Critic’s Prize. Over twenty years, he has written literature for children and yound adults, plays, radio plays, and song lyrics.  In 1985 he won the Critic’s Prize with his novel Bi anai (Dos hermanos), and then again in 1988 with the novel Obabakoak (Los de Obaba), for which he also won both the Euskadi and National Literature Prizes. His latest novel Soinujolearen Semea (The Son of the Accordionist) was published in Basque (2003) and in Spanish (2004).

WYSTAN H. AUDEN (1907-1973) British poet who became an American citizen in 1939, received many prizes during his lifetime and became Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1956.

MICHELE MCKAY AYENSWORTH teaches languages and literature at Huston-Tillotson College in Austin, Texas. She has an MA in French from Yale University and a PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of Texas at Austin. Between 1974 and 1997 she lived in Buenos Aires, where she helped to found Lincoln University College and studied modern Argentine literature with Beatriz Sarlo at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1998 she was awarded a Moody Fellowship to complete her translation of Argentine writer Roberto Arlt’s novel Mad Toy, which was published by Duke UP in 2002 and honored as a finalist for the Texas Institute of Letters’s Soeurette-Diehl Translation Award. Her translations of short stories by Argentine writer Fernando Sorrentino have appeared online at Badosa.Com and in Thresholds: An Anthology of World Literature from the Heart of Texas. This anthology, to which she contributed two translated poems as well, and which she helped to edit, was a finalist for the 2004 Soeurette-Diehl Translation Award.

RAFFAELLO BALDINI (1924-2005) was born in 1924 in Santarcangelo di Romagna, and lived in Milan from 1955 until his death on March 29, 2005. His collections of poetry, all written in the Romagnolo dialect, include: E' solitèri (Galeati, 1976), La nàiva, with an introduction by Dante Isella (Einaudi, 1982); Furistír, with an introduction by Brevini (Einaudi, 1988), Ad Nòta, with an introduction by Pier Vincenzo Mengaldo (Mondadori, 1995); La nàiva, Furistír, Ciacri (Einaudi, 2000). His collection, Intercity (Einaudi, 2003), won the Dino Campana Award. His collection Furistír was awarded the 988 Viareggio Prize, the first time the prize was awarded to a work written in dialect. His collection, Ad Nòta, was awarded the Bagutta Prize. Baldini wrote three theatrical monologues: Carta cantra, Zitti tutti! and In fondra a destra (Einaudi, 1998).

DAVID BALL won MLA's prize for literary translation in 1996 with Darkness Moves: An Henri Michaux Anthology; other translations have appeared in many journals and anthologies; articles on translation have appeared in Translation Review, The Germanic Review, and elsewhere. His own poetry has appeared in journals ranging from Locus Solus and Atlantic Monthly to The World, Toothpaste, Bombay Gin... and in six small chapbooks.

NICOLE BALL has translated books by Catherine Clement (The Weary Sons of Freud) and Maryse Condé ( Land of Many Colors) into English from French. Most recently she has translated a Jonathan Kellerman thriller (Survival of the Fittest ) into French. She currently teaches French at Smith College.

MARIA NEMCOVA BANERJEE Chair of the Department of Russian Language and Literature at Smith College, as well as a professor of Comparative Literature, she was formerly co-chair of the Five College Translation Seminar. She is the author of Terminal Paradox: The Novels of Milan Kundera.

RON BANERJEE, poet, essayist and translator, is author of Far From You (Toronto, 1981); Poetry from Bengal (Unesco, 1989); L’Antica Fiamma (Galleria Pegaso Editore, 1995); and Sonnets for the Madonna (Florence, Maschietto & Musolino, 1999). Born in Calcutta, he was educated at Edinburgh, Rome and Harvard Universities. He has taught English and Comparative Literature at various American Universities, including Smith College and the Five-Colleges; and he has been a Fulbright Professor in India.

BERTRADE B. NGO-NGIJOL BANOUM, a Camerounian,  holds a Ph.D from the University of Essex, England and is Assistant Professor of Black Studies at Lehman College. She has served as a consultant with UNICEF, UNDP, and international NGOs, including Family Care International (FCI), RAINBO, and African Action on AIDS, Inc. (AAA). Her recent  publications include a translation from Basaa into English and French, “Fighting Hunger with Cassava: A Gift of 22 Recipes from the Rural Women of Bogso.” She has two forthcoming articles, “Basaa Gender in Typological Perspective” and “Gender Identities and Women’s Images in Oral Epic Tradition: A Feminist Reading of Bon ba Hiton.”  She is presently working on  a manuscript titled The Epic of Bon ba Hiton: A Hilun Tradition of the Basaa of Southern Cameroon.

STANISLAW BARANCZAK (1946- ) Poet, critic and translator, he is one of the most prominent members of the "New Wave" or "Generation of '68" in Polish poetry, and was a founding member of KOR (Committee for Workers' Defense) in the 1970's. He has taught Polish literature at Harvard University since 1981.

IMRE BARNA (1951- ) was born in Budapest, where he earned a degree in Italian and German languages and literatures. Long-time Editor-in-Chief of Európa Publishing House and a former Director of the Hungarian Academy in Rome, he also teaches courses on literary translation at the University of Budapest. He has published translations into Hungarian from Italian, Geman, English and French, and authored critical essays on literature and cinema. His translation of Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Roses, won the Wessely Book of the Year prize in 1989, and in 1993 his translation of Foucault’s Pendulum was awarded the Forintos prize.

SARAH BARR is an instructor in the Department of English and Comparative Literature at The American University in Cairo, having earned an MA in German and an MFA in Literary Translation from the University of Arkansas. For her translations of Colonies of Love she has won two Lily Peter Fellowships, the Gary Wilson Award from the University of Arkansas Press, a Fulbright Translation Thesis Fellowship, an American Literary Translators Association Conference Fellowship, and a Walton Fellowship.

DON BARTELL received his BA in Spanish and French at Portland State University and his MA in Portugese at the University of Wisconsin. He has been a Fulbright Scholar in Portugal, an instructor at the University of Illinois, and a visiting lecturer at Northwestern University. He has published translations of Jorge de Sena and for several years has been preparing translations of Estellés and Martí i Pol. He has co-authored, with Lluís Cugota, articles on genetic engineering and virtual reality in La Vanguardia. He is currently a case manager with Adult and Family Services for the State of Oregon. He wishes to express his gratitude to his friend Ivan Cunillera for reviewing the translations of Martí i Pol and for making many helpful suggestions. 

CHARLES BAUDELAIRE (1821-1867), French symbolist poet and critic. Les Fleurs du mal (1857, enlarged 1861, 1868), the only volume of his poems published during his lifetime, was publicly condemned as obscene. Best known for these poems, which came to be recognized as a work of original genius, Baudelaire has been a major influence in the Western poetic tradition. A collection of poetic prose pieces was published posthumously as Petits poèmes en prose (1869). His criticism was collected posthumously in Curiosités esthétiques (1868) and L’Art romantique (1869).

MARIA POGLITSCH BAUER (1949 - ) was born in Carinthia, Austria and studied English and History in Vienna and Baltimore, MD. A free-lance writer and translator, she also teaches English as a Second Language at a Southern California community college.  

MICHAEL BEARD Frequently has collaborated with Adnan Haydar in writings on Iranian and Lebanese literature. He teaches English literature at the University of North Dakota and is the author of several books in his own right.

ADRIANA BEBIANO is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anglo-American Studies and a researcher in the Centro de Estudos Sociais, at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Her work is mainly on contemporary Anglo-American fiction. Translating poetry happens from time to time—and it makes her happy.

E. M. BEEKMAN Has published 22 books. They include a 12-volume series of Dutch colonial literature in English translation, as well as poetry, prose and scholarly monographs. He has translated a wide variety of Dutch authors from the 16th Century to the present and twice received the translation award from Columbia University.

GIOVANNA BELLESIA holds a degree from the Interpreter School in Milan and an PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with a dissertation on the translation work of Montale, Pavese and Vittorini during Fascism. She is Professor of Italian Language and Literature at Smith College. Together with Victoria Poletto and Alessandra Di Maio she is preparing an anthology of short stories (in English translation) by women who have emigrated to Italy from developing countries.

RUY BELO (1933-1978) one of the most important Portugese poets of the 20th century, he was a doctor of canonical law and, though freed from orthodoxy, remained deeply religious in his quest to understand the purpose of human existence in a mutable world.

ELENA GIANINI BELOTTI was born in Rome. She is the award-winning author of numerous works, among them: Dalla parte della bambine (1973), Amore e pregiudizio (1988, Premio Donna Citta' di Roma), Adagio un poco mosso (1993), Pimpì oselì (1995), Apri le porte all'alba (1999), and Voli (2001, Premio Rapallo Carige), all published by Feltrinelli. With Rizzoli she has published Prima le donne e i bambini (1980 and 1998), Non di sola madre (1983), Il fiore dell'ibisco (1985, Premio Napoli), and Prima della quiete (2003, Premio Grinzane Cavour, Premio Viadana, Premio Maiori). Her most recent book is Pane amaro (Rizzoli, 2006). She divides her time between Rome and the Sienese countryside.

ZIVA BEN-PORAT is a professor of Poetics and Comparative Literature and the director of The Porter Institute for Poetics and semiotics at Tel Aviv University. She has worked on intertextuality, allusion in particular, and on the relations between artistic presentations, cultural concepts and mental representations. She is currently involved in an IST EC project, CULTOS, that develops authoring tools and transformers for the construction and presentation of multi-media threads organized by linking explicitly tagged intertextual relations between artifacts or segments thereof.  

ELENA BENELLI holds a Laurea in Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne e Contemporanee from the University of Trieste and she is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Comparative Literature at the University of Montreal. She is currently the coordinator for the Italian Language Program at the University of Montreal where she teaches Advanced Italian Grammar and Contemporary Italian Literature courses. She has previously taught Italian at McGill University. Her main fields of research are contemporary Italian fiction and contemporary Italian migrant writers.

ROSS M. BENJAMIN holds a B.A. in Critical Theory from Vassar College and received a Fulbright Research Scholarship to Berlin, Germany. He has published reviews, interviews and an essay on Derrida and translates from German.

MARTIN WILMOT BENNET's collection of poems, Loose Watches, was published by the University of Salzburg Press. He has had three stories read on BBC World Service and other works appear in Modern Poetry in Translation, Stand, Wascana Review, and elsewhere. Some of his poetry is available on www.unf.edu/mudlark.

SASA BENULIC was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where she studied English and Comparative Literature and then taught English at a secondary school. She holds an MA in American Literature and teaches American Culture and Language Acquisition Classes at the University of Ljubljana.  

JOHN BERGER, novelist, painter, and art historian, was born in London in 1926. In 1952 Berger began writing for London’s New Statesman, and quickly became an influential Marxist art critic. Since then he has published a number of art books including the famous Ways of Seeing, which was turned into a television series by the BBC. Beginning with his first novel in 1958, Berger has also produced a significant body of fiction, including G. (1972), winner of England’s Booker Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. He is also the author of screenplays and four plays for the stage. For the past twenty years Berger has lived in a small village in the French Alps. Fascinated by the traditions and endangered way of life of the mountain people, he has written about them both in his fiction and nonfiction.

JOEL BERKOWITZ is Corob Fellow in Yiddish at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and Hebrew Centre Lecturer in Yiddish at Oxford University. He is the author of Shakespeare on the American Yiddish Stage (University of Iowa Press, forthcoming 2002) and editor of The Yiddish Theatre: New Approaches (Litman Library, forthcoming 2002).

ADRIA BERNARDI's novel, Openwork, was published by Southern Methodist University Press in 2006. She is the author of In the Gathering Woods, a collection of stories awarded the Drew Heinz Prize. Her novel, The Day Laid on the Altar, was awarded the 1999 Bakeless Fiction Prize. She has translated Gianni Celati's Adventures in Africa and Tonino Guerra's poetry in Abandoned Places. Her translation of Baldini's Page Proof (Carta canta), edited by Daniele Benati, was published by Bordighera Press. Her translation of Raffaello Baldini's poems have appeared in Agni, Hunger Mountain, Arts & Letters, Two Lines, Beacons, Margie: The American Journal of Poetry, Metamorphoses, Seneca Review, Italian Translation Review, Diner and Poetry Daily. She is currently completing a translation of a volume of poetry by Baldini. She teaches at the Warren Wilson MFA Program for Writers at Clark University.

CONON DE BÉTHUNE (fl. ca. 1180 - 1219/20) was born into a noble family of the Artois region in northern France; he was well known during his lifetime as a warrior, diplomat, and statesman, playing a leading role in the Fourth Crusade. Along with Blondel de Nesle, Gace Brulé, and the Châtelain de Coucy, he belonged to the first generation of trouvères. About a dozen songs are attributed to him.

CALIXTHE BEYALA was born in Cameroon in 1960. Since 1987, she has published eleven novels, a number of which have been translated into English. She has won two prestigious French literary awards: the Prix François Mauriac for her novel Assèze l'Africaine (1994), and the Grand Prix du Roman de l'Academie Française for her novel Les Honneurs perdues (1996). One of the most influential African voices in Paris, where she lives, Beyala is the founder and president of Collectif Égalité, an organization dedicated to promoting fair representation of French people of African descent in the French media.

H.N. BIALIK (1873-1934) the greatest Hebrew poet of modern times, Bialik wrote essays and stories as well as working with translating and editing. He helped free Hebrew poetry from Biblical dominance while still retaining a connection to its roots. He often wrote about the crisis of faith which touched his generation as they sought to retain their medieval Jewish roots in a modern secularized world.

WOLF BIERMANN, born in Hamburg in 1936, moved to the German Democratic Republic in 1953. Banned from performing and publishing there since 1965, he was expatriated during a concert tour to West Germany in 1976, causing many East German artists to leave the country in his wake. This poet, singer/songwriter and essayist has been one of the most eminent and prickly literary figures and critics of Germany before and since the reunification in 1989. Biermann received the Nationalpreis for his work in 1998.

MURRAY BIGGS Rhodes Scholar, former director of the MIT Shakespeare Ensemble, now teaches at Yale; he is well known as a lecturer on drama and literature and has spent the winter back in his old stamping grounds in London at the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art.

RHONDA BLAIR is a professor of Theatre in Southern Methodist University. A director, solo performer, and actor, she teaches critical studies and performance theories. Her translations of The Seagull, The Cherry Orchard, and Hedda Gabler have been given a number of productions. Her writing appears in Method Acting Reconsidered, Upstaging Big Daddy: Directing Theater as if Gender and Race Mattered,Theatre Topics, and elsewhere.

IVAN BLATNY (born in Brno, 1919, died 1990 in England) As a young poet, he captured Brno for Czech poetry, turning its humdrum streets into an enchanting setting for small epiphanies. Since Nezval, no one has widened the rhythm of intoning and repetition as well as Blatny, who took lessons from Eliot's The Wasteland. In the aftermath of the War, Blatny, emerging transformed from the matrix of Skupina 42, was seen as one of the most promising younger poets. The three poems translated by Deborah Garfinkle come from Hledání prítomného casu (In Search of Time Present, 1947), the last volume of poetry he published in Czechoslovakia. In 1948, Blatny left for England and instantly cut off his moorings by declaring himself an exile. For more than thirty years he vanished from Czech poetry, until rediscovered as an inmate of a mental institution in Ipswich, still writing. His two volumes of verse, Stará bydliste (Old Dwellings, 1979) and Obecná skola Bixley (Grade School Bixley, 1987), conferred a cultic status on the forgotten poet. The latter collection speaks in an alien, multilingual idiom of Blatny's invention expressing the terminal condition of his exile with the intelligence of a Surrealist voyant derailed from his life's history.

MANUEL MARIA BARBOSA DU BOCAGE (1765-1805) a leading 18th century poet who travelled the world of Portugal's empire and drew parallels between himself and his predecessor, Camões. He was a typical romantic in his hatred of despotism, his love of personal freedom, his attachment to darkness and night, and his obsession with impending death.

PATRICIA J BOEHNE is the Chair of Foreign Languages at Eastern College, St. Davids PA. She received the B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. from Indiana University, Bloomington, IN andd was the first American to have a doctoral examination conducted in Catalan. She has held NDEA, NEH and Mellon Fellowships and has taught at Indian, Bradley University, and Franklin & Marshall College. Among her publications are Dream and Fantasy in 14th and 15th Century Catalan Prose (1975), poetry translations for An Introduction to Catalan Poetry by Josep Roca-Pons (1977), J.V. Foix (1980), The Renaissance Catalan Novel (1989), numerous articles, and other translations of Foix's poetry. She was in correspondence with Foix from 1973 until his death in 1987, visited him several times in Barcelona and at his home on the Costa Brava, and researched in his personal archives. Her translations have been emended by the poet himself. Her anthology of his work, The Angular Sea, is in preparation. As a member of the Board of the North American Catalan Society since its inception in 1978, she has served in various offices, including as President from 1993-95.

LOREDANA BOGLIUN-DEBELJUH was born in Pola, Croatia in 1955. She holds a degree in Psychology, and is a critic and fiction writer as well as a poet who writes both in standard Italian and in dialect. Her poems first appeared in 1972, and since then she has published numerous volumes of poetry in the (ancient) Istriot dialect of Dignano. Her work has been translated into many languages and she has won numerous prizes, among them the Istria Nobilissima prize for poetry and prose. She writes in both dialect and standard Italian and also translates, from Istrain dialect and from Croatian into Italian. An important cultural figure and also a political activist, she is Vice-President of the Giunta Regionale Istriana and a consigliere of the Assemblea dell'Unione Italiana.

LAURENCE BOGOSLAW received his Ph.D. in Slavic Languages and Literatures from the University of Michigan in 1995. He currently lives in Minneapolis, where he is the co-founder and Coordinator of the Minnesota Translation Laboratory at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Bogoslaw's prose translation has appeared previously in Metamorphoses (1994), and his scholarly work on verse translation has appeared in the volume "Slavic Verse" (Slavjanskij Stikh, Moscow, 1996).

SISSELA BOK is a writer and philosopher born in Sweden. Formerly a Professor at Brandeis University, she is now a Distinguished Fellow at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. Her books include: Lying: Moral Choice in Private and Public Life; Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation;A Strategy for Peace: Human Values and the Threat of War;Alva Myrdal: A Daughter’s Memoir.

LUIGI BONAFFINI has translated books by Dino Campana, Mario Luzi, Vittorio Sereni, Giose Rimanelli, Giuseppe Jovine, Achille Serrao, Eugenio Cirese, Albino Pierro, Cesare Ruffato, Stephen Massimilla, Antonio Spagnuolo, Luciano Troisio, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Mariano Bàino. He has also translated widely from dialect poetry for various anthologies he has edited. He was awarded the Translation Prize from the Italian Ministry for Foreign Affairs as well as the Translation Prize from the Italian Ministry for Cultural Affairs for his translations, respectively, of Mario Luzi's Phrases and Passages of a Salutary Song and For the Baptism of our Fragments. He also received the Bordighera Translation Prize. In 2003 he received the Italian National Translation Prize.

EGON BONDY (b. 1930) Anarchist Czech poet now living in Prague where he lectures on Buddhism.

DEBORAH BONNER received her B.A. degree from Cornell University and since then has worked as a translator in Catalan, Spanish and English in Barcelona and New York. Her translations from Catalan include Llorenç Villalonga's novel Bearn, Gabriel Janer Manila's non-fiction work Marcos, and translations of poetry in periodicals such as Catalan Writing, Seneca Review, and Translation.

ITXARO BORDA was born in Baiona/Bayonne (Basque Country) in 1959. She has degrees in Agriculture and History and works in the post office. She founded Maiatz, a literary journal (1982), together with Luzien Etxezaharreta. Her first book was published in 1984, Bizitza nola badoan (And So Life Goes, poetry). In 2002 she won the Euskadi Award with her novel 100% Basque, which has recently been published in French, translated by the author.

HEIDI VON BORN was born in Stockholm and has published twenty-seven books: novels, a short story collection, a few poetry collections and a children’s book. She is also a critic and has written drama for radio and television, translated poetry by Margaret Atwood and others.

ANA MARIA ANDRINO BOTELHO was born in Manica (Mozambique). She spent her adolescence in Maputo, until the civil war forced her to seek refuge in Portugal. She received a degree in Law from Lisbon and in Philosophy from Rome. She now lives between Rome and Geneva, where she works in the field of humanitarian mine removal and disarmament. She writes in Portugese, French and Italian. Some of her poems have been set to music by contemporary composers, and her poetry is the constant unifier of the various places and times of her life. Her poetry collection, dall'esilio (Rome: Fermenti), was published in 2002.

DAVID BOURBEAU A master book-binder and proprietor of Thistle Bindery in Florence, Massachusetts. He has been invited by the Italian Ministry of Culture to participate in an international exhibition to honor the bicentennial of the birth of Giacomo Leopardi. The book produced especially for this exhibition is a collection of translations of Leopardi's "L'Infinito" by 63 poets in 28 languages over a period of 167 years.

MARCEL BOURQUIN was a student of theology in Switzerland. Idealist, mystic, pacifist, socialist, he was never admitted to the Consistoires de Pasteurs in Geneva because of his political beliefs. He died praying for the New Pope who was inaugurated that day, March 3, 1939, and left a treasure trove of letters of which this is a fair example.

ANNIE BOUTELLE, born and raised in Scotland, was educated at the University of St. Andrews and New York University. Author of Thistle and Rose: A Study of Hugh MacDiarmid's Poetry, she has written numerous scholarly and popular essays. She teaches in the English Department at Smith College, whose Poetry Center she founded in 1998. Her sequence of poems based on the life of Celia Thaxter was a finalist for the 1999 Walt Whitman Award of the Academy of American Poets, and she has published poems in Poetry, Yankee, Ekphrasis, The Green Mountains Review, and The Hudson Review. Poems are forthcoming in The Larcom Review, American Poets and Poetry, Poet Lore, Iris, Painted Bride, and Nimrod.

SANDRO BOTICELLI (1444-1510) Italian painter at the court of Lorenzo de' Medici.

ROSA ALICE BRANCO is completing a doctorate in the Psychology of Perception at the New University in Lisbon. She is an editor at the literary magazine Limiar. Her four collections of poetry are: Beloved Woman, Animals of the Earth, Short Monadology , and The Happy Hand. Some of her poems, translated by Alexis Levitin, appear or will appear in Prairie Schooner, Artful Dodge, The Hollins Critic, Osiris, and The Temple.

FIAMA HASSE PAIS BRANDÃO is the major poet of her generation in Portugal. She has published 14 volumes of poetry, the most recent of which, Epistles and Memoranda , won the D. Dinis Prize in late 1997 and the Grande Premio de Poesia from the Portuguese Writers Association in February 1998. Her work has appeared in French, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish and English. In the U.S., Levitin’s authorized translations of Fiama’s disturbingly powerful poems have appeared in numerous magazines, including The Partisan Review, The Massachusetts Review, Prairie Schooner, Seneca Review, Artful Dodge, The Connecticut Poetry Review, The Green Mountain Review, and Abraxas.

SUSAN BRANTLY is professor of Scandinavian Literature at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, specializing in Swedish.

GEORGES BRAQUE (1882-1963) French painter, with Picasso an initiator of the cubist movement. His aphorisms on the need for order and intelligence gave voice informally to the aspirations of the cubists whose influence is still resonating in contemporary art.

MARÍA ISABEL ALONSO BRETO holds a Ph.D. in English Philology from the University of Barcelona where she is currently a member of the Department of English and German Literatures. Her areas of interest include literary translation (especially women’s poetry written in English) and creative writing. 

BRHAN was born in Asmara (Eritrea). Since 1984 he has lived in Tuscany, where he earned his degree from the Humanities Department of the University of Florence. He has published in various anthologies, including Quaderno africano I of the Cittadini della Poesia series (Florence: Loggia de' Lanzi, 1998), and the poetry collection L'ombra del poeta (Viareggio: Mauro Baroni, 1997).

DANIEL G. BRINTON American ethnologist, a pioneer in the study of the languages of Meso-Americans.

JOSEPH BRODSKY (1940-1996): Russian-American poet, Nobel Prize Winner. Author of half a dozen volumes of poetry in Russian and English (with many self-translations). Essayist, Professor of Literature at the Five Colleges. Was briefly a member of the editorial board of Metamorphoses before his death.

VINCENT BROOK (1946-) Has A Ph.D. in film and television from UCLA, has written numerous articles for leading academic journals, and is the author of Something Ain’t Kosher Here: The Rise of the “Jewish” Sitcom (Rutgers University Press, 2003). The son of German-Jewish émigrés, Vincent studied, travelled, and worked in Germany in the late 1960s/early 1970s. He is currently editing an anthology for Rutgers on Jewish identity in postmodern American culture.

DIANA BROWN is Associate Professor at Dana College in Blair, Nebraska. She received her Ph.D. at L’Alliance Francaise, La Sorbonne. In 1996, her book-length translation into both English and Italian of Olga Bressano de Alonso’s Fugacidad y otros poemas was published in Argentina.

ANDRZEJ BURSA (1932-1957). Before his life was cut short at age 25 by a malformed aorta, he published 37 poems, a novel, and two plays. A native of Krakow, he attended Jagiellonian University, after which he worked as a journalist. Bursa’s adolescence and early adult life span some of the darkest years of modern Polish history—from the Nazi invasion and brutal occupation during World War II to the Soviet occupation and Cold War. Bursa bitterly attacks social and political injustice, as well as cant, pretense, and hypocrisy. Bursa’s language can be deliberately anti-poetic. He mixes obscure words, neologisms, regionalisms, slang, and occasional vulgarity. His grammar is often raw, elliptical, and clumsy, perhaps intended to reflect the caustic disillusionment of his generation. Below the surface of this poète maudit sneering cynicism, however, one finds serious moral questioning along with genuine tenderness and compassion for the poor and disenfranchised. His poems lament the erosion of traditional values caused by conflicting geo-political ideologies. Bursa’s reputation increased rapidly after his death, his small oeuvre developing a cult following among young people.

TRISTAN CABRAL Contemporary French poet. Since 1977 published seven volumes of poetry.

SEYDOU CAMARA was born 1952, in Bancoumana, Mali. He studied History in Paris and obtained his PhD from EHESS, Paris in 1990. Most of his publications deal with oral tradition and bards as well as 20th century politics in Mali. Currently he is Head of the Department of History and  Archeology at the Institut des Sciences Humaines in Bamako.

JUAN CAMERON (1947-) was born in Valparaíso, Chile. He has published 16 volumes of poetry and won an impressive number of prestigious prizes over the years, beginning in 1971. He has continued to work against tremendous odds, surviving, by guile and sheer nerve, 14 years of the Pinochet dictatorship and 10 years of political exile in Sweden. After free elections in Chile he returned to his beloved Valparaíso where he lives with his wife, the graphic artist Virginia Vizcaíno. They often collaborate on projects.

KELSEY CAMIRE first became drawn to translation after the death of Spanish poet Rafael Alberti, when she realized that, more than anything else, she wanted to be able to share Alberti’s poems with her father. She began translating while studying in Spain, focusing on the novel La lluvia amarilla by Julio Llamazares. She first met Julia Otxoa when the poet was visiting a Comparative Literature class at Smith College. Kelsey graduated from Smith College in 2001 and currently resides in Northampton, MA.

LUÍS DE CAMÕES (1524-1580) considered the greatest poet of the Portugese language. His best-known work is the epic in ten books, The Lusiads. Blinded in one eye in a battle in Morocco, he continued as a soldier for sixteen years in the Eastern reaches of Portugese exploration and conquest. Upon returning to Portugal, he barely survived on a small pension granted him after the publication of his great epic.

IVAN CAÑADAS earned his PhD from the University of Sydney with a dissertation on the theaters of Spain and England at the turn of the seventeenth century; the project involved a significant amount of translation of Spanish material into English. He is Assistant Professor of English Literature at Hallym University, South Korea. He has directed his own English-language adaptations of plays by Federico García Lorca and Fernando Arrabal, and is currently completing a bilingual edition of a Golden Age Spanish comedy, Lope de Vega’s La villana de Getafe.

MANLIO CANCOGNI was born in Bologna of Tuscan parents but later transferred to Rome, where he completed his doctoral studies in history and philosophy and began publishing short stories before becoming special correspondent for L’Europeo, L’Espresso, Il Corriere della Sera, Il Giornale and later La Fiera Letteraria . At present he contributes to L’Osservatore Romano . He taught at Smith for twelve years, in the Italian Department. He has published about thirty books, winning some literary prizes (Bagutta, Campiello, Strega, Viareggio). 1999 saw the publication, in a bilingual edition, of his translation into Italian of Ron Banerjee’s Sonnets for the Madonna.

HARKAITZ CANO was born in Lasarte, Gipuzkoa in 1975 and currently resides in Donostia-San Sebastián. Cano’s highly diverse literary production has already become one of the cornerstones of the so-called “New Basque Literature.”  Author of a collection of poetry Kea behelainopean bezala (1994) at age 19, he has since published several collections of short stories and three novels:  Beluna Jazz (1996), Pasaia Blues (1999), and Paino gainean gosaltz (El puente desafinado – Baladas de Nueva York; 2000).

HÉLÈNE CANTARELLA (1904-2000): Writer, critic, translator, teacher of languages, Emerita. For many years wrote reviews for The New York Times, The New Leader, and other periodicals. Former Chief of the Foreign Language Section of the Motion Picture Bureau of the Office of War Information, then Coordinator of Films at Smith College.

ROSETTA GIULIANI-CAPONETTO was born in Muqdishu (Somalia) and moved to Italy in 1980. She is currently a PhD candidate at the University of Connecticut and teaches Italian language and literature at Smith College. Her field of research is Italian colonialism and the hybrid or mulatto character in literature and cinema of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Her interests include African cinema and the theories of Imperfect and Third World cinema.

RAFFAELE LA CAPRIA (b. 1922) Italian writer whose works are based in Naples. Capri e non più Capri was published by Mondadori in 1991. Petroff and Pioli are currently translating the whole work.

IVANA CARLSEN Born in Brazil, she came to the U.S. in 1947 on scholarships to Berkeley and Santa Barbara, to settle in Los Angeles where she lived and worked except for a time in Portugal from 1986-1992. She has been awarded a Literature and Translation Grant from the National Endowment of the Arts.

RAFFAELE CARRIERI was born in Taranto, Southern Italy in 1905. From adolescence he embarked on a life of travel and a variety of jobs, from taxman to art critic. Friendly with D’Annunzio in Italy and Blaise Cendrars and other figures of the avant garde in the Paris of the nineteen-twenties, he published several collections of poetry, and Mondadori published a volume of selected poems in 1976.

NINA CASSIAN Rumania's principal poet, translations of her poems by many distinguished American writers recently appeared in Life Sentence: Selected Poems.

BARTOLO CATTAFI (1922-1979) was born in the province of Messina, Sicily, but he lived and worked in Milan for most of his life. He began to write poetry after a medical discharge from the army during WWII. He traveled extensively in Spain, Great Britain and North Africa and published many collections during his lifetime. His selected poems were published in 1990 by Mondadori as Poesie 1943-1979.

CLARE CAVANAGH (1956- ) is Associate Professor of Slavic Languages at Northwestern University. She has translated two volumes of Wislawa Szymborska's poetry with Stanislaw Baranczak. She has also translated adam Zagajewski's Mysticism for Beginners.

PAUL CELAN (Pseud. for Paul Antschel) Best known as chronicler in poetry of the Holocaust, he was born to a Jewish family in Rumania, was conscripted during the War to labor service in Southern Moldavia, and, after wandering in exile, settled in Paris where he lectured at the École Normale Supérieure. His own translations are many, while his cryptic handling of German has been the challenge and despair of translators into English.

LEE CHADEAYNE has taught at Ohio State University, Boston University and Northeastern University. Until his retirement in 2003 he was President of Wordnet, a commercial translation service linking nearly 2,000 technical and scientific translators worldwide. His previously translated works are in the areas of history, literature and social sciences and include Wolfgang Seiferth’s Synagogue and Church in the Middle Ages: Two Symbols in Art and Literature and Max Lüthi’s Once Upon a Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales. He has been a book reviewer for The German Quarterly, Regional Editor of the Massachusetts Foreign Language Bulletin, and editor of the Chronicle, the monthly publication of the American Translators Association.

THIBAUT DE CHAMPAGNE (1201-1253), the most illustrious of the trouvères and one of the most prolific, was the great-grandson of Eleanor of Aquitaine and both count of Champagne and king of Navarre. He was a leading political figure in the France and (northern) Spain of his time, deeply involved in royal power struggles and in the Crusade of 1239. Over seventy songs of various types are attributed to him.

GERALD CHAPPLE was born in Montréal in 1937 and has been translating contemporary German and Austrian authors for twenty-five years. Among his recent translations, those of Ursula Krechel, Josef Haslinger, and Kunert have appeared in The Fiddlehead, Fiction, and Modern Poetry in Translation. His translation of Barbara Frischmuth’s Chasing after the Wind: Four Stories (1996) received a Translation Award from the government of Austria. He is putting together a selection of Kunert’s poems with the working title, A Stranger at Home.

An Associate Professor of Language and Literature at Wenzao College of Languages, Taiwan, ASSELIN CHARLES has taught at several institutions in North America and in Haiti, and worked as a translator for the Quebec Ministry of Education. He has translated short stories by René Depestre and Antenor Firmin's nineteenth-century masterwork, De l'Égalité des races humaines.

ERIC CHARRY is Associate Professor in the Music Department at Wesleyan University. His book, Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa , was published by the University of Chicago Press in 2000.

Born in Egypt in a Lebanese-Syrian family, ANDRÉE CHEDID is a French citizen who has lived in Paris since 1946. Her work includes numerous volumes of poetry, short stories, novels and theater. She is one of the most prominent contemporary Francophone writers and is the recipient of the 2002 Bourse Goncourt for Poetry. Her writings are in French, but the mythology underlying them is both Western and non-European. "The Lost Garden" is a poem about the myth of Adam and Eve and Paradise Lost, but Chedid brings her own vision to this biblical and foundational myth of Western societies.

ANDRÉ CHÉNIER (1762-94) became an honorary Romantic when his poems were published in 1819, on the eve of the new movement in poetry inaugurated by Lamartine and a quarter century after his life was cut short by the guillotine. Born in Constantinople, where his father was the French consul, Chénier grew up in Paris where his mother, from a Greek family, held a salon and befriended the leading writers of the day. After a brief military career he served three years as secretary to the French embassy in London, during which time the Revolution broke out; he welcomed it as first, but was shocked by the execution of Louis XVI and wrote against it in newspaper articles. Arrested during the Terror, he spent several months in prison awaiting death, though no charges had been filed; there he met and admired Aimée Franquetot de Coigny, the former Duchess of Fleury, the “young captive” of the following poem. She was able to escape prison through bribery, but Chénier was not so lucky: he was guillotined on July 25, just two days before the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Terror. His poem about her was published shortly thereafter, but few others were known until 1819. From that date on he was celebrated as the one who brought French poetry out of its century-long decline. The first of Victor Hugo’s odes (written early in 1821) and two later ones have an epigraph from Chénier. The largest part of Alfred de Vigny’s novel Stello (1832) retells the efforts to free Chénier from prison. Alfred de Musset remembers him in “A Wasted Evening” (1840). And he meant a good deal to Alexander Pushkin, who was a French poet before a Russian one.

CHANG CHI, a T'ang Dynasty poet, contemporary of Li Po, Wang Wei and Tu Fu, was from a town now in the province of Hubei. Like other scholar-poets in China, he held a government office. His poetry integrates Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

JULES CHOPPIN, JOSEPH DÉJACQUE, CHARLES CHAUVIN BOISCLAIR DELÉRY, EDGAR GRIMA: Francophone poets from nineteenth-century Louisiana: see introduction and biographies, within.

KEVIN CHRISTIANSON holds a PhD in English from the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. His own poems have appeared in Minnesota Review, The Formalist, and New Letters. A professor of English, he teaches courses in creative writing, poetry, and world literature at Tennessee Tech University. In 1999-2000 he received a Fulbright to teach American literature at Nicholas Copernicus University in Torun, Poland. In 1998 he was elected member of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences.

MAURA CHWASTYK is currently studying at Charles University in Prague and completing her degree in linguistics at the University of Pittsburgh.

KAY CICELLIS (1926-2001) was born of Greek parents in Marseilles, France. She attended the American College of Greece and spent the World War Two years in her father’s home island of Cephalonia. Greece’s premier literary translator, Kay Cicellis distinguished herself as a writer both in Greek and English. Her fiction has been translated into English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. The Dance of the Hours, (Athens: Agra Publications, 1998), a collection of short stories, won the Greek State Prize in 1999.

EVA CLAESON was one of the founding editors of Metamorphoses and is still a contributing editor. She guest-edited a special issue on Swedish literature in Spring 2000. She has published several books of translations, and her translations of two works of poetic prose by Margareta Ekström will be published in 2001, as will the translation of the classic novel The Serious Game by Hjalmar Söderberg.

MERCÈ CLARASÓ born in Glasgow of Catalan and Scottish parentage, lived in Catalonia as a child from 1927-36 and worked in Valencia for the British Council from 1947-51. She later graduated from Edinburgh University with 1st Class Honours in Spanish and French, and a Diploma of Education. She taught Spanish and French in St. Leonards School, St. Andrews, Scotland, and received her doctorate from the University of St. Andrews in 1977, with a thesis on The Use of Colour in the Short Stories of Horacio Quiroga. She taught Spanish and Catalan language and literature at the University of St. Andrews from 1970-85. She has published a number of scholarly articles as well as translations from French into English. Her Catalan translation of Robert Louis Stevenson's Weir of Hermiston was published in 1986.

HUGO CLAUS was born in 1929 in Bruges (West-Flanders, Belgium). As a young man, he worked on farms and as a seasonal laborer in sugar factories in Northern France while studying at the Academy of Ghent (Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten) and the Theatre Academy of Ghent (Toneelschool). His meeting with Antonin Artaud in 1948 stimulated his interest in experimental art. From 1948 to 1951, he was a member of the modern painters’ movement COBRA, founded by Dutch painter Karel Appel. In 1973, he married the soft-porn actress Slyvia Kristel (known for the 1970s Emmanuelle movies) with whom he has a son. At various moments in his career, he lived in France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Claus is a prolific painter, poet, dramatist, fiction writer, translator, and theatre and movie director. Among his most famous novels are: De Verwondering (1962; L’é tonnement), a story about Flemish Nazis during the WWII occupation and Het Verdriet van Belgi (1983; Le Chagrin des belges; The Sorrow of Belgium). He has received numerous national and international awards and several Nobel Prize nominations.

STEPHEN CLINGMAN is Professor of English and Director of the Interdisciplinary Seminar in the Humanities and Fine Arts at the University of Massachusetts. He has published a book on the South African Nobel Laureate, Nadine Gordimer, and edited a collection of her non-fiction. His most recent book, Bram Fisher: Afrikaner Revolutionary, won the Alan Paton Prize, South Africa’s premier award for non-fiction.

LYNNE CONNER is Assistant Professor in the Theatre Department at the University of Pittsburgh, where she teaches theatre and dance history, theory, and aesthetics. Her publications include Spreading the Gospel of the Modern Dance (1997) and articles in the International Dictionary of Modern Dance, Crucibles of Crisis, High Performance, Theatre Studies, The American Association of Museums Professional Practice Series and Pittsburgh History as well as critical commentary in many newspapers, newsletters and production programs.

SUSAN LEIGH CONNORS is a translator and graduate teaching fellow in the Department of Romance Languages and Literature at Boston College. The better part of her adult life has been spent in Tuscany, Italy, where she pursued a degree in English Literature at the University of Siena. She was then employed with the Department of Public Education in Grosseto, Italy. Although her background in translation has mainly been in the technical field, her passion for literature and history has overwhelmed her writings. She has translated a number of works related to Italian culture and gastronomy, most recently Balsmic Vinegar for Atlanta, S.r.l., Bologna. In addition, she has translated many unpublished works for authors of Italian Migration Literature, including works by Mohsen Melliti and Younis Tawfik.

MARGARET JULL COSTA has translated works by Eca de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa and José Regio, Carmen Martí Gaite, Bernardo Atxaga, Javier Marías, among others. Her version of José Saramago’s All the Names won the 2000 Weidenfeld Translation Prize. Her translation of Fernando Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet made her a joint winner of the Portuguese translation prize.

WAYNE COX received a Ph.D. in American Literature in 1991 from the University of South Carolina. He is currently an Assistant Professor of English at Anderson College in Anderson, South Carolina, where he teaches creative writing and literature. His work has appeared in such places as Poetry, Shenandoah, Chelsea, Stand, and Southern Humanities Review. With his wife, Lourdes Manyé, he most recently published Vacation Notebook (New York: Pter Lang Press, 1995), a translation of Quadern de Vacances by Miquel Martí i Pol.

IOAN CRETU was born and raised in Romania and attended the University of Georgia (Athens,GA). He has published over a hundred essays and book reviews in the major Romanian literary magazines and has translated extensively into Romanian from works by Julian Barnes, Kingsley Amis, Saul Bellow, Alexander Theroux and others. In the last ten years he worked as a journalist for several Romanian newspapers and magazines, and in 1998-1999 as a correspondent for the British magazine Media International. In 1996 he spent three months as a writer in residence at the Mary Anderson Center in Indiana.

JANE DOBROWOLSKA CROUCH Three trips to Leningrad just before 1989 brought her into contact with young Russian poets and street musicians. These translations are from a collection of Kreps' poems under preparation.

JUSTIN CRUMBAUGH is an Assistant Professor of Spanish at Mount Holyoke College, where he specializes in Spanish and Basque cultural studies, particularly in relation to cinema, literature, social history, and economic development. He is currently preparing a book-length manuscript on the role of tourism in contemporary Spanish culture.

LLUÍS CUGOTA received his llicenciatura in journalism at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, where he also studied medicine and philology, and his Masters in Scientific and Medical Communications at Barcelona's Universitat Pompeu Fabra in 1995. His specialty is science writing in the areas of medicine and health. He has worked as an editor for the newspapers Avui, El Periódico, and La Vanguardia and for the magazines Algo, Estar Mejor, and Tu Salud, among others. He has been editor in the area of sciences for the second edition of the Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, and project editor of various books on health. He has written several books on the popularization of science and health for young people. He regularly contributes a column to the weekly supplement Ciencia y Vida in La Vanguardia and collaborates in other ways as a scientific journalist and translator. He is currently taking advanced course work in Psychology at UNED (Spanish Open University), and is participating in the editing of a thematic encyclopedia.

CHARLES CUTLER's translations of Brazilian poets: Thiago de Mello, Joao de Jesus Paes Loureiro, Astrid Cabral, Jorge Tufic, Antisthenes Pinto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade and others have appeared in The Massachusetts Review, Two Lines , and Amazonian Literary Review. Translations of the contemporary Portuguese writers Maria Velho da Costa and Eduarda Dionisio, appeared in Sweet Marmalade, Sour Oranges: Contemporary Portuguese Women’s Fiction . He is co-editor of Amazonian Literary Review and Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Smith College.