Please note that, unlike many other operating systems, Unix is case-sensitive. That means that typing SSMITH as your username is NOT the same as typing ssmith. We suggest using all lower case letters for filenames and commands unless otherwise specified.

Note: For information about creating web pages and posting them on the Sophia server, see: Posting pages on the Sophia server

Getting started
Directory management
File management
Printing on the Unix system

Getting Started

Although a Unix computer is a physical machine, you don't have to sit down in front of it to use it. Most people at Smith connect to our Unix computers via personal computers in labs, in offices, from student rooms, or from off-campus. Once you have gotten on to the Smith system, you can connect to the Unix host of your choice.

To log in to your Unix account:

1. Use SSH Secure Shell software to connect your personal computer to a Unix server on the Smith network. 
   
   Students:  If you don't already have Secure Shell on your computer, click here for installation instructions.
   
   
2. When prompted for a host, enter: hostname.smith.edu
   Example: sophia.smith.edu
   
   
3. When prompted for a password, enter your password for that Unix computer.

To change your password:

1. Log on to the Unix system with your current password.
2. At the system prompt, type passwd. It must be in lower case!
3. Type your current password. Press Enter.
4. Type your new password. Press Enter.
5. Type it again for verification. Use the new password next time you log in.

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Directory Management

In the Unix system you perform most functions by typing commands. You enter these comands at the system prompt. The system prompt lists the current directory and the host name in brackets ([]) and always ends with the $ symbol.

For example, when you log in, you are at the root directory of your account and the prompt is: [<username>@sophia ~]$ If you move into your public_html directory, the prompt would become: [<username>@sophia public_html~]$ and so on.

You can create directory names longer than 8 characters. Use the underscore character (_) instead of a space for compound directory names. Remember, Unix is case sensitive, so directoryname is not the same as Directoryname or DirectoryName.


To create a new directory:

Move into the directory in which you wish to create a subdirectory.
Type: mkdir directoryname.

This creates a subdirectory of the current directory, or a "child" of the "parent" directory. Creating the directory does not move you into that subdirectory, it only creates it.

To change directories:

1. At the [<username>@sophia ~]$ prompt, where <username> is your username, type cd directoryname. For example, cd public_html would move you into your Web pages directory.
   
   
2. To move up a directory level, type cd ..
   The prompt will change to reflect which directory you are in.

To return to the root directory:

Type the change directory command without a directory name specified. That is, cd. This will return you to home base and you may move to another directory from here, if you choose.

To delete (or remove) a directory:

At the system prompt, type: rmdir directoryname.

In order to delete a directory, it must be empty and you must be in the parent directory. To delete files within a directory in order to empty it, see File Management.

To change permissions (for files or directories):

There are 3 kinds of permissions for 3 kinds of access. 'Owner', which is you, 'Group' which is largely unnecessary (and so this documentation will largely ignore it), and 'Other(public)' for 'Read', which is looking at a file, 'Write', which is changing, adding, or removing files, and 'eXecute' which is running files (like scripts) or getting into directories. In order to get into a directory, you must be able to 'eXecute' it.

In order to see what these permissions look like, when you have used SSH to get into sophia, and you're at the [<username>@sophia ~]$ prompt (where <username> is your username), you can type ls -laF (ls for list, - to add specifications to the list: l for long, a for all, F to show types of files. (see File Management for a list of helpful commands.)

You'll get a list something like this:

drwx--x--x 3 user staff 4096 Apr 10 15:21 ./
drwxr-xr-x 350 root root 8192 Apr 6 14:03 ../
-rw------- 1 user staff 3587 Apr 18 16:46 .bash_history
-rwx------ 1 user staff 304 Apr 6 14:03 .bash_logout*
-rwx------ 1 user staff 191 Apr 6 14:03 .bash_profile*
-rwx------ 1 user staff 124 Apr 6 14:03 .bashrc*
-rw------- 1 user staff 157 Apr 7 10:46 dead.letter
-rw-r--r-- 1 user staff 0 Apr 6 14:03 .forward
-rw------- 1 user staff 22869 Apr 17 15:59 mbox
drwxr-xr-x 3 user staff 4096 Apr 10 09:50 public_html/

In your home directory (./), the owner (which is you), will have all the permissions: rwx - Read, Write, eXecute. Other (other people) will have only x, because you want them to be able to get into the directory to see and get into public_html (which is the folder for your website), but you don't want them looking at anything else.

Looking at the letters on the left:

d is for directory. The first 3 characters after that owner (your) permissions, the next 3 for group, and the last 3 for Other (...everyone else).

So if you look at this line:

drwx--x--x 3 user staff 4096 Apr 10 15:21 ./

you can see it is a directory, that owner (you) have Read, Write, and eXecute permissions. Group and Other (public) have only eXecute, meaning they can move into that folder, but not see, change or delete it.

If you look at this line:

drwxr-xr-x 3 user staff 4096 Apr 10 09:50 public_html/

you're looking at the area on sophia that holds your webpages. Again, it is a directory, and again, the owner (you) has rwx, but this time, Group and Other have r-x, meaning they have Read (so they can see your pages), they DO NOT have Write (so they can't change them), and they have eXecute (so they can get into the directory.)

Other information listed there is your username, the size of the file, the date the file was created, and then the actual name of the file. If there is a / after the name, it means it is a directory (just a repetition of the d in the beginning).

To change permissions, you will use the chmod command.

Look at this line:

-rw------- 1 user staff 22869 Apr 17 15:59 mbox

‘mbox’ is your mailbox on sophia. Say you wanted Other people to read that, you would type chmod o+r mbox which basically means Change Mode (for) Other: add Read (to) mbox.

If you typed ls -laF again, you would see:

-rw----r-- 1 user staff 22869 Apr 17 15:59 mbox

If it suddenly occurred to you that letting others read your mail would be a bad thing, you would type chmod o-r mbox which basically means Change Mode (for) Other: remove Read (from) mbox.

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File Management

Knowing how to manage your files in an important part of using Unix. Because there are no on-screen displays, it is important to know the commands in order to keep your files organized.

To examine files in a directory:

ls Displays a list of the files in the current directory.
ls -l Displays a list of files with information about their security and size.
ls -lt Displays a list of files, with full information, sorted by date of last modification instead of alphabetically.
ls -laF Displays a list of all files, with full information, sorted alphabetically and with end-line indicators about what type of file they are.

To move and copy files:

mv file newfile Renames file as newfile.
mv file directory Moves file into a specific directory.
cp file newfile Copies file as newfile; does not change file.
cp file directory Makes a copy of file and moves it into a directory; leaves original where it is.

Note: If the move or copy commands are about to write over an existing file, the system will prompt you to confirm the command.

Other commands:

rm filename Deletes (removes) files

NOTE: You can use the wildcard character * to operate on groups of files. For example, rm *.txt would delete all files with the extension *.txt in the current directory. Be careful when using the wildcard character, so that you don't inadvertently alter more files than you intend. For example, rm * would delete all the files in the current directory!

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Printing on the Unix System

Printing no longer works from Sophia.

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