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Assess the situation:
- Is the person conscious or unconscious?
- If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake their shoulder and ask loudly, "Are
you okay?"
- If the person doesn't respond, follow the steps below and call 800 from a campus
phone or 911 from a cell phone. Have someone else call if possible, while you proceed.
Locate an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)
if one is immediately available.
- Use the AED as outlined on the device.
Perform CPR if you are trained:
- Position the person so you can check for signs of life by laying the person flat
on their back on a firm surface and extending the neck.
- Open the person's mouth and airway by lifting the chin forward.
- Determine whether the person is breathing by simultaneously listening for breath
sounds, feeling for air motion on your cheek and ear, and looking for chest motion.
- If the person is not breathing, pinch their nostrils closed, make a seal around
the mouth and breathe into their mouth twice. Give one breath every five seconds
- 12 breaths each minute - and completely refill your lungs after each breath.
- If there are no signs of life - no response, movement, or breathing - begin
chest compressions. Place your hands over the lower part of the breastbone, keep
your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands to make
the best use of your weight.
- Push down 1 1/2 to 2 inches at a rate of 80 to 100 times a minute. The pushing
down and letting up phase of each cycle should be equal in duration. Don't jab
down and relax. After 15 compressions, breathe into the person's mouth twice.
- After every four cycles of 15 compressions and two breaths, recheck for signs
of life. Continue the rescue maneuvers as long as there are no signs of life.
- Cover the mouth and nose with your mouth.
- Give one small breath for every five chest compressions.
- Compress the chest 1/2 to 1 inch at least 100 times a minute, using only two
fingers.
- Have the injured person lie down. If possible, position the
person's head slightly lower than the trunk or elevate the legs. This position
reduces the risk of fainting by increasing blood flow to the brain. If also possible,
elevate the site of bleeding.
- Remove any obvious dirt or debris from the wound. Don't remove
any large or more deeply embedded objects. Don't probe the wound or attempt to
clean it at this point. Your principal concern is to stop the bleeding.
- Apply pressure directly on the wound. Use a sterile bandage,
clean cloth, or even a piece of clothing. If nothing else is available, use your
hand.
- Maintain pressure until the bleeding stops. When it does, bind
the wound tightly with a bandage (or even a piece of clean clothing) and adhesive
tape.
- Don't reposition displaced organs. If the wound is abdominal
and organs have been displaced, don't try to reposition them. Cover the wound with
a dressing.
- Don't remove the gauze or bandage. If the bleeding continues
and seeps through the gauze or other material you are holding on the wound, don't
remove it. Instead, add more absorbent material on top of it.
- Squeeze a main artery if necessary. If the bleeding doesn't
stop with direct pressure, apply pressure to the artery delivering blood to the
area of the wound. Pressure points of the arm are on the inside of the arm just
above the elbow and just below the armpit. Pressure points of the leg are just
behind the knee and in the groin. Squeeze the main artery in these areas against
the bone. Keep your fingers flat. With your other hand, continue to exert pressure
on the wound itself.
- b Leave the bandages in place await arrival emergency responders.
If a chemical burns the skin, follow these steps:
- Remove the cause of the burn by flushing the chemicals off the
skin surface with cool, running water for 20 minutes or more. If the burning chemical
is a powder substance such as lime, brush it off the skin without exposing yourself
before flushing.
- Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the
chemical.
- Consider using a lotion, such as one containing aloe vera,
to prevent drying and to make the skin feel more comfortable.
- Wrap the burned area with a dry, sterile dressing or a clean
cloth.
- Rinse the burn again for several more minutes if the victim
complains of increased burning after the initial washing.
Seek emergency assistance if:
- The victim has signs of shock, such as fainting, pale complexion, or breathing
in a notably shallow manner.
- The chemical burned through the first layer of skin and the resulting second-degree
burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
- The chemical burn occurred on the eye, hands, feet, groin, or buttocks or over
a major joint.
If you're unsure whether a substance is toxic, call
the poison control center at (800) 222-1222. If you seek emergency assistance, bring
the chemical container or a complete description of the substance with you for identification. |
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